The United States Intelligence Community ( IC ) is a federation of 16 separate United States government agencies working separately and together to conduct intelligence activities to support foreign and security policy national from the United States. IC member organizations include intelligence services, military intelligence, and intelligence and civil analysis offices within the federal executive department. The IC is overseen by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI), headed by the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), which reports to the President of the United States.
Among their responsibilities, members of the Community collect and generate foreign and domestic intelligence, contribute to military planning, and espionage. IC was founded by Executive Order 12333, signed on 4 December 1981, by US President Ronald Reagan.
The Washington Post reported in 2010 that 1,271 government organizations and 1,931 private companies in 10,000 locations in the United States worked on counterterrorism, internal security and intelligence, and that the intelligence community as a whole includes 854,000 people who holds a secret permit. According to a 2008 study by the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, private contractors make up 29% of the workforce in the US intelligence community and account for 49% of their personnel budget.
Video United States Intelligence Community
Etimologi
The term "Intelligence Community" was first used during Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith's term of office as Director of Central Intelligence (1950-1953).
Maps United States Intelligence Community
History
Intelligence is information that is collected, analyzed, and distributed by agencies to respond to questions and requirements of government leaders. Intelligence is a broad term that includes:
Collection, analysis, and production of sensitive information to support national security leaders, including policy makers, military commanders, and Members of Congress. Maintain these processes and information through counter-intelligence activities. Execution of covert operations approved by the President. IC strives to provide valuable insights on important issues by gathering raw intelligence, analyzing data in context, and producing products timely and relevant to customers at all levels of national security - from field warriors to the President in Washington.
The 12333 Executive Command is charged IC with six main purposes:
- Collection of information required by the President, National Security Council, Secretary of State, Minister of Defense, and other executive branch officers for the performance of their duties and responsibilities;
- Production and dissemination of intelligence;
- Information gathering on, and execution of activities to protect against, intelligence activities directed against the US, international terrorist activities and/or narcotics, and other hostile activities directed against the US by foreign powers, organizations, persons and agents them;
- Specific activities (defined as activities undertaken to support US foreign policy objectives abroad that are planned and executed so that "the role of the United States Government is not visible or acknowledged publicly", and serves to support such activities but not intended to influence the political process, public opinion, policy or media of the United States and excludes diplomatic activities or the collection and production of intelligence or related supporting functions);
- Administrative and support activities in the United States and abroad are required for official activity performance and
- Other such intelligence activities that may be directed from time to time.
Organization
Members
The IC is led by the Director of National Intelligence (DNI), whose leadership is conducted through the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI). 16 IC members are:
Program
ICs work under two separate programs:
- National Intelligence Program ( NIP ), formerly known as National Foreign Intelligence Program as defined by National Security Act 1947 (as amended), "refers to all programs, projects and activities of the intelligence community, as well as other programs of the intelligence community designated jointly by the Director of National Intelligence (DNI) and head of the United States, department or agency or by the President. including programs, projects or activities of the military department to obtain intelligence solely for the planning and implementation of tactical military operations by the United States Armed Forces ". By law, the DNI is responsible for directing and overseeing the NIP, although its ability to do so is limited (see the structural and leadership parts of the Organization).
- Military Intelligence Program ( MIP ) refers to the programs, projects, or activities of the military department to obtain intelligence solely for planning and executing tactical military operations by the US Armed Forces Union. MIP is directed and controlled by the Deputy Minister of Defense for Intelligence. In 2005 the Department of Defense merged the Joint Military Intelligence Program and the Tactical Intelligence Activity and Related Activity activities to form MIP.
Because the NIP and MIP definitions overlap when they discuss military intelligence, the assignment of intelligence activities to NIP and MIP sometimes proves problematic.
Organizational structure and leadership
The entire IC organization was primarily governed by the National Security Act of 1947 (as amended) and Executive Order 12333. The legal organizational relationship was substantially revised with the Revised Intelligence and Counter Terrorism Act 2004 (IRTPA) against National Security Act 1947.
Although the IC characterizes itself as a federation of its member elements, its overall structure is better characterized as a confederation because of the lack of well-defined, integrated leadership and governance structures. Prior to 2004, the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) was chief of IC, in addition to being the director of the CIA. The main criticism of this arrangement is that DCI has little or no real authority over budgetary authority from other IC institutions and therefore has limited influence over their operations.
Following the passage of IRTPA in 2004, the IC chief was the Director of National Intelligence (DNI). The DNI provides IC leadership primarily through the legal authorities in which it:
- controls the "National Intelligence Program" budget;
- set goals, priorities, and guidelines for ICs; and
- manage and direct the assignment, collection, analysis, production, and dissemination of national intelligence by IC elements.
However, the DNI has no authority to direct and control any element of IC except its own staff - the Office of the DNI - as well as the DNI has the authority to hire or fire personnel on ICs except those who have their own staff.. Elements of members in the executive branch are directed and controlled by the head of each department, all cabinet level officials report to the President. By law, only the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency reports to the DNI.
Given the great intelligence failures in recent years that question how well the Intelligence Community ensures US national security, especially those identified by the 9/11 Commission (National Commission for Terrorist Attacks in the United States), and the "WMD Commission" (Commission on United States Intelligence Capabilities Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction), the authority and strength of the DNI and the overall organizational structure of ICs have been the subject of heated debate in the United States.
Inter-agency collaboration
Previously, inter-agency cooperation and information flows among member institutions were hindered by policies that sought to limit the collection of information from privacy and security issues. Efforts to modernize and facilitate inter-agency cooperation within the IC include technological, structural, procedural, and cultural dimensions. Examples include the Intellipedia wiki of encyclopedic security-related information; creation of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, the National Intelligence Center, the Program Manager's Information Sharing Environment, and the Information Sharing Council; the legal and policy framework established by the Intelligence Reform and Prevention of Terrorism Act 2004, information sharing Executive Command 13354 and Executive Order 13388, and National Intelligence Strategy 2005.
Budget
The US intelligence budget (excluding the Military Intelligence Program) in fiscal year 2013 was adjusted to $ 52.7 billion, and reduced by the amount absorbed to $ 49.0 billion. In fiscal year 2012 reached $ 53.9 billion, according to the disclosures required under the new law implementing the recommendations of the 9/11 Commission. Figures for 2012 rose from $ 53.1 billion in 2010, $ 49.8 billion in 2009, $ 47.5 billion in 2008, $ 43.5 billion in 2007, and $ 40.9 billion in 2006.
About 70 percent of the intelligence budget goes to contractors for technology and service procurement (including analysis), according to a May 2007 chart from ODNI. Intelligence spending has increased by a third more than ten years ago, in an inflation-adjusted dollar, according to the Center for Strategic Studies and Budget.
In a statement to the release of unclassified new figures, DNI's Mike McConnell said there would be no additional disclosure of secret budget information beyond the total expenditure figures because "such disclosure could jeopardize national security". How money is shared among 16 intelligence agencies and what is spent to be classified. This includes pay for around 100,000 people, multibillion-dollar satellite programs, airplanes, weapons, electronic sensors, intelligence analysis, spies, computers, and software.
On August 29, 2013, the Washington Post publishes a summary of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, multivolume, FY 2013 Congressional Budget Justification, the "dark budget" of US secret societies. The budget details of FY 2013, how 16 spy agencies use the money and how it performs against the goals set by the president and Congress. Experts say that access to such details about US spy programs is not a precedent. Steven Aftergood, the Federation of American Scientists, who provides an analysis of national security issues stated that "It is a titanic struggle just to get the top line budget numbers disclosed, and it has only been done consistently since 2007... but a real understanding of the structure and operation of the intelligence bureaucracy has been really out of the reach of the public.This kind of material, even historically, is not available at all. "Access to budgetary details will allow public debate information about intelligence spending for the first time to say co-chair of 9/11 Commission Lee H. Hamilton. He added that Americans should not be excluded from the budget process because the intelligence community has a huge impact on the lives of ordinary Americans.
Supervision
Intelligence Community supervision tasks are distributed to the Executive and Legislative office. Supervision of the Primary Executive is conducted by the President's Foreign Intellation Advisory Board, the Joint Intelligence Community Council, the Office of the Inspector General, and the Office of Management and Budget. The jurisdiction of the primary congressional oversight of the IC is assigned to two committees: the Standing Committee of the Permanent Council of the United States on Intelligence and the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence. The Armed Services Commission of the House and the Senate Armed Services Committee drafted a bill for each year to legitimize the Defense Department's intelligence activities budget, and the House Budget and Senate Committee on Budget annually drew up a draft law to adjust the IC budget. The Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs took a leading role in formulating the intelligence reform legislation in the 108th Congress.
See also
- Approval of UKUSA, ECHELON, and Five Eyes
- English Intelligence Community
- New Zealand intelligence agency
- Canadian intelligence services
- Australian Intelligence Community
- AUSCANNZUKUS
- Israeli Intelligence Community
- National Virtual Translation Center
- Pakistan intelligence community
- Russian Intelligence Community
- Spanish Intelligence Community
References
Further reading
- Richelson, Jeffrey T. (2012). United States Intelligence Community (sixth edition). Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-4512-3. OCLCÃ, 701015423.
External links
- Congressional Research Service (CRS) Report on US Intelligence
- United States Intelligence Community Sites
- Top Secret America : Washington Post investigation
- ODNI IC Members
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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