Arlie Russell Hochschild ( ; born January 15, 1940) is a sociologist and American scholar. He is a professor of sociology at the University of California, Berkeley. Hochschild has long been focusing on human emotions that underlie moral, practice, and social life in general. He is the author of nine books including, the most recent Foreigners in the Land of the Land: Anger and Mourning in American Rights , a finalist for the National Book Award, and Second Perversion , The Managed Heart , and The Time Bind . In the tradition of C. Wright Mills, Hochschild continues to tackle the relationship between personal problems and social problems.
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Hochschild was born in Boston, Massachusetts, the daughter of Ruth Alene (Libbey) and Francis Henry Russell, who is the US Ambassador to New Zealand, Ghana, and Tunisia. The early Hochschild became fascinated with the boundaries of interesting people between inner experience and outward appearance. As he writes in the preface to his book The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human Feelings,
- "I found myself passing a plate of peanuts between guests and looking at their smiles: a diplomatic smile can look different from the bottom than directly seen, and then listen to my mom and dad interpreting the various movements, the strict smile of the Bulgarian envoy, a glimpse of the Chinese consul... I learned, delivering messages not only from person to person but from Sofia to Washington, from Peking to Paris, and from Paris to Washington.I gave peanuts to someone, I asked or to an actor? Where does that person end up and his actions begin? Just how does one relate to an action? "
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Education and academic career
Hochschild graduated from Swarthmore College in 1962 and later earned a M.A. and Ph.D. from the University of California at Berkeley, whose faculty he immediately joined. He wrote his first book, The Unexpected Community , in 1973. As a graduate student, Hochschild was deeply inspired by the writings of Erving Goffman and C. Wright Mills. In White Collar , Mills argues that we "sell our personality." This is in harmony with Hochschild, but he feels that more needs to be added. As he writes,
- "Mills seems to assume that to sell personality, one just has to have it, but having a personality does not make a person a diplomat, more than having the muscle of making an athlete What is missing is the emotional active work involved in sales This labor, I think, may be one part of a clear but invisible patterned emotional system - a system consisting of individual actions of 'emotional work', 'social' feeling rules, 'and various exchanges between people in life private and public. "
Hochschild went on to create concepts that illuminate the power of emotion in social life. Together with her husband, author Adam Hochschild, she raised two sons.
Drafts
Hochschild begins with a thesis that human emotions --- joy, sadness, anger, joy, jealousy, envy, despair --- are largely social. Every culture, he says, gives us a prototype of feelings that, like the different keys on the piano, familiarize us with different inner tones. The Tahitians, he points out, have one word, "sick," because what in other cultures may be related to envy, depression, sadness or sadness.
Culture guides the act of recognizing feelings by suggesting what is possible for us to feel. In The Managed Heart Hochschild quotes the Czech novelist Milan Kundera, who writes that the Czech word "litost" refers to an inexplicable longing, mixed with regret and sadness - a constellation of feelings without similarities in other languages. Not that non-Czech people never felt litost, he noted; it is that they are not, in the same way, invited to lift and affirm feelings - instead of ignoring or suppressing them.
Regardless of what we think the feeling is is , Hochschild asserts in The Managed Heart , we have an idea of ​​what it is should be . We said, "You must be happy to win a prize" or "You must be angry at what he did." We evaluate the suitability between feelings and context based on what he calls the "feeling rule", which is itself rooted in culture. Given the rules of feeling like that, we try to manage our feelings - that is, we try to be happy at parties, or mourn at funerals. In all these ways - our experiences of interaction, our definitions of feelings, judgment and management of our feelings are social.
Expressions of emotion and management are studied in a private sphere, then later through participation in public life.
Emotional workforce
"Emotional labor" refers to managing one's feelings and expressions based on the emotional requirements of the job. For example, in The Managed Heart Hochschild writes about how stewardesses are trained to control passengers' feelings during times of turbulence and dangerous situations while suppressing their own fears or anxieties. Money collectors are also often trained to imagine debtors as lazy or dishonest people, and therefore feel suspicious and intimidating. As the number of service jobs increases, so does the number and amount of emotional work.
Increasingly, Hochschild argues, emotional labor has been worldwide. In his essay, "Love and Gold," in Global Woman he describes immigrant care workers who leave their children and parents back in the Philippines, Mexico or elsewhere in the global South, to take paid work to care for the young and the elderly in families in the prosperous North. Such work calls the workers to manage sorrow and suffering vis-a-vis their own long-term children, spouses, and parents, even when they try to feel - and really feel - a warm attachment to children and their parents are daily care for in the North. In an interview with the Journal of Consumer Cultures , Hochschild focuses on the emotional work of female immigrants, â € Å"So you have women from the Philippines, Sri Lanka, India, Mexico who leave their children and elderly in the back to take a job caring for American children, Canadians, Saudis, Europeans, and parents. It's also not uncommon to hear a nanny say, 'I like the kids I care for now more than mine. I hate to say it, but I ''. Expanding from the eldest daughter in a rural village taking care of a sibling while a mother takes care of the employer's children in a poor country town for the employer's employer - and the children - in a rich country, outsourced maintenance work creates a global outpatient with different emotional tasks in every link.
Work and family
In other books, Hochschild applies his perspective of emotion to American families. In Second Shift , he argues that the family has been caught in a "stalled revolution." Most mothers work to pay outdoors; it is a revolution. But the work they live in and the men they go home does not change as quickly or deeply as he does; it's a kiosk. So the working mothers end up doing the lion's share of the work - emotionally and physically - caring for the house, which makes her feel angry. Hochschild traces the relationship between the division of spouse's work and the underlying "economic gratitude." Who, he asked, was grateful to whom, and for what?
In The Time Bind , Hochschild studied parents working in Fortune 500 companies dealing with important contradictions. On the one hand, almost everyone he spoke to told him that "my family came first." On the other hand, working parents feel magnetic results for work. About a fifth of the working parents, he found, the house feels like working and working feels like home. Where, he asked the informant, did you get help when you needed it? Often the answer is work. Where are you most appreciated for what you do, work or at home? Often the answer is work. A man told him, "When I do the right thing with my teenager, chances are he gave me hell for that.When I did the right thing at work, my boss tapped me on my back." Parents, he discovered, handle this pressure in several ways. One is to reduce their idea of ​​what they need. ("Oh, I do not really need time to relax.") The other is outsourcing personal tasks. The third is developing an imaginary self, yourself if you have time. "Deadline" refers to the lack of time parents have for themselves, the feeling that they are always late and the thought that they are limited to the limited hours of the day.
In an interview with the Journal of Consumer Cultures , Hochschild illustrates how capitalism plays a role in the "imaginary self" of a person. He explained, "Many workers spend long hours, and return home exhausted, switching to television as a passive form of 'recuperation' from work.In four hours of television, they are exposed to thousands of fun and fun ads that serve as tires walking into the mall.In the mall, they spend the money they generate on objects that serve as totems to the 'potential self' or hypothetical self - ourselves if we have time.He is also a self-threatened self-perpetuating emotional debt to people beloved.
Politics and emotions
His latest book, Stranger in His Own Land: Anger and Grief over American Rights , is based on five years of immersion research among Louisiana supporters of Tea Party. It explores the role of emotion in politics by first posing a paradox. Why, he asks, did the poorest country's poorest citizens choose countries for candidates who refused federal aid? Why in a highly polluted country, do they choose politicians who are reluctant to regulate the pollution industry? His search for answers led him to the concept of "deep story." The deep story is a story that feels right about life's very prominent features. Someone takes the facts of a deep story. Someone takes the moral teachings of the deep story. All that remains is what feels right about a very prominent issue, and can be described by metaphor, as a "queuing" experience for precious gifts, and witnessing unwanted "cutters". Everyone, he says, has a deep story - and for many on the right, it reflects a strong sense of rejection, scorn, and a sense of being a stranger in his own land.
Overall, Hochschild's work illustrates the many ways in which individuals become absorbs of larger forces, and focuses on the impact of these forces on emotions. For further reference, see Curriculum Vitae, U.C. Berkeley, the Department of Sociology website.
Awards
Hochschild has been elected to the 2016 National Book Award for Foreigners in His Own Land: Anger and Grief over American Rights . In 2015, he was awarded the Ulysses Medal from University College Dublin, Ireland. Hochschild has also won the Guggenheim scholarship, Fulbright and Mellon, and three awards presented by the American Sociological Association - Charles Cooley Award (for The Managed Heart) of the Jessie Bernard Award (for The Second Shift , The Time Bind and Global Woman ), and the Prize for General Understanding of Sociology (for lifetime achievement). In giving the Hochschild the Jessie Bernard Award, the quote observes "his creative genius for framing questions and lines of light, often summarized into words and phrases that change an impressive paradigm."
The Managed Heart , The Second Shift, Bind Time , and Foreigners In Their Own Land Important Year of the Year "by The New York Times .
The Outourourced Self: Intimate Life in the Market Times selected by Publisher's Weekly as one of "Best Books 2012". The last chapter was quoted in The New York Times (May 5, 2012).
Hochschild has received honorary doctorates from Swarthmore College (USA), Aalborg University (Denmark), University of Oslo, (Norway), University of Lapland, (Finland), Mount St. Vincent University, (Canada), Westminster University (USA) and University of Lausanne (Switzerland).
Legacy
In sociology he is known as the founder of the sociology of emotions and, beyond that, as a public sociologist, contributes to such publications as the New York Times open page and Book Review The Washington Post , Mother Jones , The American Prospect , Harper's Magazine , and The Progressive .
Concepts developed by Hochschild, such as "emotional labor," "rules of feeling", "economic gratitude," and "global care chain" have been adopted by scholars in various disciplines. Capturing some recent research and debate, a collection published in 2011, In the Heart of Work and Family: Involving Arlie Hochschild Ideas , critically explores some key concepts. Other collections of papers devoted to his work are Preparation of Empathy: New Studies on Commodification, Emotional Workforce and Time Binding (2013) edited by Gertraud Koch and Stephanie Everke Buchanan (Campus Verlag-Arbeit und Alltag, University of Chicago Press). This book is based on a paper given at the "International Workshop on Honor of Hochschild" at Zeppelin University, Friedrichshafen, Germany (12-13 November, 2011). His work appears in 16 languages.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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