South Carolina is one of thirteen original states of the United States. European exploration in the area began in April 1540, with the expedition of Hernando de Soto, who unwittingly introduced a new Eurasian disease that destroyed the Native American population, because they had no immunity. In 1663 the British Empire granted land to eight owners of what became a colony. The first settlers came to the Province of Carolina at Charleston Harbor in 1670; they are mostly wealthy growers and their slaves who came from the Caribbean Caribbean colony in Barbados. They began to develop their sugar and cotton commodity crops. Reinvigorating Native Americans in the Yamasee War (1715-17), subsequent colonies overthrew the owner's power, saw more direct representation. In 1719, the colony was formally made a crown colony; North Carolina was split and made into a separate colony in 1729.
In the Stamp Act Crisis of 1765, South Carolina united with other colonies to oppose British taxation and played a major role in the fight against Britain. He became independent in March 1776 and joined the United States. The bloody and violent revolution of 1780-81, when Britain invaded, captured the American army and was eventually driven out.
In the early decades, the colonies cultivated cotton in the plantations of sea islands and Low Countries, along with rice, tilapia and some tobacco as commodity crops, all worked by African slaves, mostly from West Africa. In the nineteenth century, the invention of gin cotton enabled the favorable processing of short-staple cotton, which grew better in Piedmont than in staple cotton. The hilly plateau areas, where landowners are generally subsistence farmers with some slaves, are much poorer; regional conflicts between coastal and inland areas developed in the political system, long dominated by Lowland planters. With an overt leader like John C. Calhoun, the country competes with Virginia as the dominant political and social force in the South. He enacted federal fare in the 1830s and demanded that his right to practice slavery be recognized in newly established areas. By 1860 the election of the Republican Party under Abraham Lincoln, who vowed to prevent the expansion of slavery, the voters demanded secession. In December 1860, the state broke away from the Union; in February 1861, he joined the new Confederation of States.
In April 1861, the American Civil War began when the Confederate forces attacked the American fort at Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor. The Civil War proved to destroy white skin, but liberated blacks from slavery. From 1865 to 1877, South Carolina underwent a Reconstruction. Congress closed the civilian government in 1867, placed the ruling Army, gave Freedmen (freed slaves) the vote and prevented the former Confederate from holding office. A Republican parliament supported by Freedmen, Carpetbaggers north and Southern Scalawags white created and funded a public school system, and created a social welfare institution. The constitution they passed was kept almost unchanged for 27 years, and most legislation passed during the Reconstruction years lasts longer than that. In 1877, white conservatives, called "Redeemers" had regained political power. In the 1880s, Jim Crow's law was ratified very severely in the state, to create the public segregation and control movement of African American workers. After 1890, almost all blacks lost their voices, not to get them back until 1965.
The Civil War destroyed the economy, and sustainable dependence on agriculture made South Carolina one of the two or three of the poorest countries of the next century. The level of education is low because public schools are underfunded, especially for African-Americans. Most people live on small farms and grow cotton. The more affluent landowners divide their land into agricultural land operated by farmers or farmers, along with land operated by their owners using rented labor. Gradually more industries moved into the Piedmont area, with textile factories processing state cotton into yarn and fabrics for sale on the international market.
The wave after wave of revival made most people religious enough; most people, white and black, are Baptists.
Politically the state became part of the Solid South Democrats after the white man regained control of the state legislative office and governor in 1876; they deprived the citizens of African Americans by the new state constitution in 1895, and no black officials were elected between 1900 and 1970. In the first half of the 20th century, many blacks left the country to go to the northern cities during the Great Migration. White people impose a rigid split in the Jim Crow era, limiting African Americans' opportunities for education, free public movement, and closing it from the political system. The federal Civil Rights Act of the 1960s ended segregation and protected the voting rights of African Americans. Blacks were affiliated with the Republicans, but after 1964 became very loyal Democrats, while most conservative whites moved in the opposite direction.
The cotton regime ended in the 1950s. When factories are built throughout the state, most farmers leave agriculture. Service industries, such as tourism, education and medical care, are growing rapidly, as textile mills fade after 1970 with offshore job movements. In 2000, the white majority of South Carolina voted Republican in the presidential election, but state and local government elections were opposed by both sides. The population continued to grow, reaching 4 million in 2000, as the coastal area became a prime location for tourists and pensioners. The 13.5% poverty rate is slightly worse than the national average of 11.7%.
Video History of South Carolina
Sejarah awal
Humans arrived in South Carolina about 13,000 BC. These people are hunters with rough tools made of stone and bones. Around 10,000 BC, they use spears and hunt big matches. During the Archaic period from 8000 to 2000 BC, people gathered nuts, fruits, fish and shellfish as part of their diet. Trade between the coastal plains and piedmont developed. There is evidence of the domestication of plants and pottery in the Archaic end. The Woodland period brings more serious farming, more sophisticated pottery, and bows and arrows.
At the time of the first European exploration, the twenty-nine tribes or Native American nation, shared by the main language family, lived within the boundaries of what became South Carolina. Algonquian tribes live in low country, Siouan and Iroquoian-speaking in Piedmont and highlands, respectively.
Maps History of South Carolina
Colonial Period
By the end of the 16th century, Spain and France had left the territory of South Carolina after several surveillance missions, expeditions and attempts to colonize failed, especially the French post of Charlesfort followed by the Spanish mission of Santa Elena on modern Parris Island between 1562 and 1587. In 1629, Charles I, the King of England, gave his attorney general a charter for everything between latitudes 36 and 31. He called this land the Province of Carolana, which would later be converted into "Carolina" for the pronunciation, after the Latin form of his own name.
Perhaps the most important moment in history for South Carolina was the formation of the Regulator in the 1760s, one of the first organized militia in the New World. The militia proposed ideas of independence and brought an increasing recognition of the need for inland country rights in the Carolina. This led to the Regulators War, a battle between regulators and the British army, chiefly led by British Governor William Tryon, in the area. This battle was the first catalyst in the American Revolution.
In 1663 Charles II granted the land to eight Lords Proprietors in exchange for their financial and political aid in returning him to the throne in 1660. Charles II meant that the newly formed Province of Carolina would serve as a British fortress to the contested land. claimed by Spanish Florida and preventing Spanish expansion to the north. Eight nobles ruled the Carolina Province as a proprietary colony. After the Yamasee War from 1715-1717, the Lords Proprietors were under increasing pressure from the settlers and were forced to surrender their charter to the Crown in 1719. Its owners retained their right to land until 1719, when the colony was officially broken into the province of North Carolina and South Carolina as a crown colony.
In April 1670, the settlers arrived at Albemarle Point, at the meeting of the Ashley and Cooper rivers. They founded Charles Town, named in honor of King Charles II. During the Colonial Period, Carolinas participated in many wars against Spain and Native Americans, including the tribes of Yamasee and Cherokee. In its first decades, colony plantations were relatively small and their wealth came from trafficking of Native Americans, especially Native American slaves and deer skins.
The slave trade influenced the tribes throughout the Southeast and exacerbated the hostility and rivalry among some of them. Historians estimate that Carolinians exported 24,000-51,000 Native American slaves from 1670 to 1717, sending them to markets ranging from Boston in North America to Barbados. The planters financed the purchase of African slaves with the sale of Native Americans, finding that they were somewhat easier to control, because they did not know the area to make a good escape.
Native people
Roughly divided along the Santee River are two main groups of Native Americans - Eastern Siouan & amp; Cusaboan tribes. Relative to Siouan most of Waccamaw, Sewee, Woccon, Chickanee (small branch of North Wateree), Winyaw & amp; Santee (do not be confused with Dakota Santee in the west.). Most of the southern areas of the Santee River are controlled by the Muskogean Cusabo tribe. Some Muskogean-speaking tribes, like Coree live among the tribe of Siouan, however. North of the Sewee is a Croatan, an Algonquian country associated with Chowanoke, Piscataway, Nanticoke & amp; Powhatan farther north. Many Croatan descendants survive among the Lumbees, who also take many Siouan tribes in the region. Deeper interior is the land of Chalaques, or Cherokee ancestors.
Other tribes entering the area from time to time are the Westo, Iroquoian people believed to be the same as the Erie residents of Ohio. During the War of the Beavers period, they were driven out of their homeland by Iroquois & amp; conquered their way from the Ohio River to South Carolina, becoming a nuisance to the local population & amp; damaging Chalaques. They were destroyed in 1681, and, after that, Chalaques split into Yuchi of North Carolina & amp; Cherokee in the south, with other fragmental groups that roam into different regions. Also, after this conflict, Muskogean wanders north and becomes Yamasee. When Cherokee & amp; Yuchi was later reformed into Confederate Creek after the Yamasee War, they destroyed Yamasee, who became a remote traveler. They spread between the state of South Carolina & amp; Florida. Today, some tribes of Yamasee have been reformed.
The Siouan tribe in the state is relatively small & amp; live a variety of lifestyles. Some have absorbed aspects of the Muskogean culture, while others live like the Saponi Virginian. Most have traditional Siouan government from the main leadership council, while others (such as Santee) are regarded as tyrannical monarchies. They were among the first to experience colonial contact by Spanish colonists in the state during the 16th century. After the colony collapsed, the natives even borrowed their cows & amp; pigs and take cattle. They love the idea so much, they go to catch and tame other animals, like swans and turkeys. Their fall is a combination of European diseases & amp; war. After the British reached the area, many members of these tribes ended up on both sides of most of the war. The Sewee specifically met his death in a strange situation from almost everyone of their people decided to cut the middleman and launch a canoe fleet to cross the Atlantic so they could trade with Europe directly. They never come back. Eventually, all the Siouan tribes of Carolinas eventually joined Catawba, who moved to the N-Carolina border around the Yadkin River. Then, the United States combines Catawba with Cherokee & amp; they were sent west on the Teardrop after the compilation of the Indian Removal Act in the 1830s.
18th century
In the era of 1700-70, the colonies had many advantages - entrepreneurship and entrepreneur growers, major ports, expansion of Africa's cost-effective slave labor, and attractive physical environment, with fertile soil and long growing seasons, albeit with endemics. malaria. The planters planted rice and tilapia as commodity crops, based on the development of large estates, with long cotton grown on marine islands. As labor demand increased, the planters imported more African slaves. Slave populations grow because they have children. These children are also considered slaves as they grow up, because South Carolina uses the Virginia model to declare all children born of slaves as slaves, irrespective of race or fatherhood. Thus the majority of slaves in the colony became native-born. It became one of the richest colonies in England. The colonial rich became a loyal consumer of services from outside the colony, such as trade services, medical education, and legal training in the UK. Almost everyone in South Carolina of the 18th century felt the pressures, obstacles, and opportunities associated with the growing importance of trade.
Yemasee War
A pan-Native American alliance rose against the settlers in the Yamasee War (1715-17), partly because of tribal resistance to the Indigenous American slave trade. Native Americans nearly destroyed the colony. But the colonists and the Native American allies defeated Yemasee and their allies, like an Iroquoian-speaking Tuscarora. The latter emigrated from the northern colonies to the western states of New York, where in 1722 they declared the migration to be over. They were accepted as the sixth nation of the Iroquois Confederation. Combined with the exposure of European infectious diseases, Yemasee's population in the interior was greatly reduced due to fierce warfare.
Slave
After the Yamasee War, the planters switched exclusively to import African slaves to work. With the establishment of rice and tilapia as an export crop commodity, South Carolina became a slave society, with slavery becoming the center of its economy. In 1708, black slaves controlled the majority of the population in the colony; blacks make up the majority of the population in the state into the 20th century. The planters use slave labor to support the cultivation and processing of rice and tilapia as commodity crops. Building dams, irrigation canals and associated infrastructure, enslaved Africans create the equivalent of large ground work to regulate water for rice culture. Although methods for rice cultivation are reaped to rice farmers in West Africa, white farmers receive praise for what they call "unbeatable accomplishments rather than the wonder of our miracles in seeing the works of the ancient Egyptians."
While some "lifeguards for life" came to South Carolina were taken prisoners from England, who had been convicted of their involvement in the failed Jacobite Scottish Revolt of 1744-46, most of the slaves came from West Africa. In the Low Countries, including the Sea Islands, where large populations of Africans live together, they develop a creole culture and language known as Gullah/Geechee (the latter term used in Georgia). They interacted with and adopted some elements of English and colonial culture and language. The gullah is adapted to the elements of American society during the years of slavery. From the end of the nineteenth century, they maintained their distinctive lifestyle, product and language to perpetuate their unique ethnic identity. Beginning in 1910, tens of thousands of blacks left the country in the Great Migration, traveling for work and other opportunities to industrial cities north and mid-west.
Low country
The Low Country was first settled, dominated by wealthy British men who became owners of the large number of lands where they set up plantations. They first transported slaves employed as laborers, mostly teenagers from England who came to work outside their homes in the hope of learning to farm and buy their own land. Planters also import African workers into colonies.
In the early colonial years, social boundaries became liquid between contract workers and slaves, and there was considerable mixed marriage. Gradually, slavery became increasingly rigid, and slavery became a racial caste. South Carolina uses the Virginia model to declare all children born to slave mothers as slaves, irrespective of race or dad's citizenship. In Upper South, there are many mixed race slaves with white planting fathers. With the decline of British settlers as the economy improved in the UK before the beginning of the 18th century, the planters began to rely mainly on enslaved Africans for labor.
The market for land functions efficiently and reflects rapid economic development and broad optimism about future economic growth. The frequency and rate of turnover for the sale of land related to the general business cycle; The overall trend is upward, with almost half of the sales going on in the decade before the American Revolution. Prices also rise over time, parallel to rising rice prices. However, prices dropped dramatically, in the years before the American Revolution, when worries emerged about future prospects outside the mercantile mercantile system of Britain.
Country returned
In contrast to Tidewater, the back state was then settled in the 18th century, mainly by Scottish-British and North English migrants, who quickly moved from Pennsylvania and Virginia. The immigrants from Ulster, the Scottish lowlands, and northern England (border district) formed the largest group of British Isles before the Revolution. They mostly came in the 18th century, slower than other colonial immigrants. "Such North English people are a large majority in most of South Carolina's upcountry." This environmental character "fits perfectly with the British border culture."
They settled inland throughout the South and relied on subsistence agriculture. Most of them do not have slaves. Given the differences in background, class, slave ownership, economy, and culture, there is a long rivalry between the Low Countries and the back country played in politics.
Rice
In the early period, planters acquired the wealth of two main crops: rice and indigo (see below), both dependent on forced labor for their cultivation. The exports of this plant caused South Carolina to be one of the richest colonies before the Revolution. Towards the beginning of the 18th century, planters began to plant rice along the coast, especially in the Georgetown area and Charleston. The rice is known as the Carolina Gold, both because of its color and its ability to generate great wealth for plantation owners.
Indigo Production
In the 1740s, Eliza Lucas Pinckney embarked on indigo culture and processing on the coast of South Carolina. Indigo is in great demand in Europe for making dyes for clothing. An "Indigo Bonanza" followed, with South Carolina production approaching one million pounds (400 tons) in the late 1750s. This growth is stimulated by the British gift of six cents per pound.
South Carolina does not have a monopoly on the UK market, but demand is strong and many planters switch to new crops when the price of rice falls. Carolina indigo has a mediocre reputation because the Carolina planters failed to achieve consistent high-quality production standards. Carolina indigo continues to displace French and Spanish indigo in Britain and in some continental markets, reflecting the demand for cheap dye from cheap textile producers, the fastest-growing European textile industry in early industrialization.
In addition, the colonial economy relies on the sale of leather (especially deer skin), and naval and timber shops. Coastal towns began building boats to support their trade, using the main wood from living oaks.
Jew
The liberal Constitution of South Carolina and early growing trade attracted Sephardic Jewish immigrants in the early 17th century. They are mostly elite businessmen from London and Barbados, where they are involved in trading rum and sugar. Many become slave owners. By 1800, Charleston had the largest Jewish population in any city in the United States.
Negro Act of 1740
The comprehensive 1740 Negro Act was passed in South Carolina, during the time of Governor William Bull at the office, in response to the Stono Rebellion in 1739. The act made it illegal for the enslaved Africans to move abroad, gather in groups, , earn money, and learn to write (although reading is not forbidden). In addition, the owner was allowed to kill the rebellious slave if necessary. The law remained in force until 1865.
Revolutionary War
Before the American Revolution, Britain began taxing American colonies to increase revenue. The citizens of South Carolina are angered by Townsend Acts who taxes tea, paper, wine, glass, and oil. To protest the Stamp Act, South Carolina sent a rich rice planter, Thomas Lynch, John Rutledge lawyer, twenty-six, and Christopher Gadsden to the Stamp Act Congress, held in 1765 in New York. Other taxes are removed, but tea taxes remain. Soon the people of South Carolina, like those from the Boston Tea Party, began throwing tea into Charleston Harbor, followed by boycotts and protests.
South Carolina established its state government and constitution on March 26, 1776. Due to the long-standing trade relations of the colony with England, the Low cities had many Loyalists. Many of the Patriot battles that fought in South Carolina during the American Revolution against the loyal Carolin and Cherokee Nations, allied to England. This is for the benefit of British General Henry Clinton, because his strategy is to bring his troops north from St. Augustine and enter George Washington to the North. Clinton alienated the Loyalists and angered the Patriots by attacking and virtually exterminating the non-threatening escaping Patriot soldiers.
Whites are not the only ones who have a desire for freedom. It is estimated that around 25,000 slaves escaped, migrated or died during the disturbance of the war, 30 percent of the country's slave population. Approximately 13,000 joined the British, who had promised them freedom if they left the rebel masters and fought with them. From 1770 to 1790, the proportion of the black population (almost all of them enslaved), fell from 60.5 percent to 43.8 percent.
On October 7, 1780, at Kings Mountain, John Sevier and William Campbell, using volunteers from the mountains and from Tennessee, surrounded 1,000 Loyalist troops camped on a mountain top. It was a decisive Patriot victory. It was the first Patriot victory since England captured Charleston. Thomas Jefferson, then governor of Virginia, called it, "Success of the wave of success."
While tensions are rising between the Crown and Carolina, some of the main pastors in the south are targeted by King George: "... this church (Bullock Creek) is listed as one of the" Four Bees "in King George's ax because his pastor, Rev. Joseph Alexander, open to the British Empire in June 1780. Presbyterian Church Bullock Creek was a place known as the Whig party fortress.Under a large wave of Calvin Protestant leadership, South Carolina moved from the backseat to the front in a war against tyranny.The Patriot went on to regain control Charleston and South Carolina with untrained militias trapping troops Colonel Banastre's "No Quarters" of Tarleton along the river.
In 1787, John Rutledge, Charles Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney and Pierce Butler went to Philadelphia where the Constitution Convention was held and built what served as a detailed outline for the US Constitution. The federal constitution was ratified by the state in 1787. The new state constitution was ratified in 1790 without the backing of Upcountry.
Scotland Ireland
During the Revolution, Irish Scotsmen in the country behind in most countries were noted as powerful patriots. One exception is the Waxhaw settlement on the Catawba River down along the North Carolina-South Carolina border, where loyalism is strong. The area has two major settlement periods of Scotch Irish. During the 1750s-1760s, second- and third-generation Scotch Irish Americans moved from Pennsylvania, Virginia, and North Carolina. This special group has a large family, and as a group they produce goods for themselves and for others. They are generally patriots.
In addition to this, The Earl of Donegal arrived in Charleston on December 22, 1767, from Belfast, carrying about fifty families over who received a land grant under the Bounty Act. Most of these families settled in the north. Some of these eventually migrate to Georgia and into Alabama.
Just before the Revolution, a second stream of immigrants came directly from Northern Ireland through Charleston. Most poor, these groups settled in disadvantaged areas because they were unable to afford expensive land. Most of these groups remained loyal to the Crown or neutral when the war began. Before Charles Cornwallis march into the interior in 1780, two-thirds of the people among the Waxhaw settlements had refused to serve in the army. The British victory at the Battle of Waxhaw resulted in anti-British sentiment in a divided region. While many people chose to take up arms against the British, the British forced the people to vote for parties, as they tried to recruit Loyalists to the militia.
Loyalist
South Carolina has one of the strongest Loyalist factions of any country. About 5000 people took up arms against the Patriot government during the revolution, and thousands of other supporters. Almost all have immigrated to the province after 1765, only about one in six original births. About 45% of Loyalists are small farmers, 30% are merchants, craftsmen or shopkeepers; 15% are large farmers or planters; 10% are royal officials. Geographically they are strongest in the interior.
Although the country has experienced a fierce internal civil war 1780-82. But the civilian leaders adopted a policy of reconciliation that proved to be more moderate than any other country. Around 4500 white Loyalists went when the war ended, but the majority remained behind. The state succeeded and quickly reincorporated most of it. Some are required to pay a 10% fine of property value. The legislature named 232 Loyalists are responsible for the seizure of their property, but most appealed and excused.
South Carolina Antebellum
South Carolina led opposition to national law during the Nullification Crisis. It was the first country to declare its separation in 1860 in response to the election of Abraham Lincoln. Dominated by large planters, it is the only country where slave owners make up the majority of the legislature.
Politics and slavery
After the Revolutionary War, many slaves were freed. Most northern states abolish slavery, sometimes combined with gradual emancipation. In Upper South, inspired by revolutionary ideals and preachers activists, state legislatures passed a law that enabled slave owners to kill their slaves either during their lifetime or with desire. Quakers, Methodists and Baptists urged slave owners to free their slaves. In the period from 1790 to 1810, the proportion and number of free blacks increased dramatically in Upper South and overall, from less than 1 percent to over 10 percent.
Slave owners have more control over the state of South Carolina than any other country. The elite planters play the role of British aristocrats more than growers from other countries. At the end of the prewar years, newer Southern states, such as Alabama and Mississippi, allowed more political equality among whites. Although all white male residents are allowed to vote, property requirements for office holders are higher in South Carolina than in any other state. It is the only state legislature in which slave owners hold the majority of seats. The legislature elected governors, all judges and state voters for federal elections, as well as US senators into the 20th century, so that their members had considerable political power. The chief executive of the state is a figure who has no authority to veto legislative law.
With the people being disturbed by slave losses during the Revolution, South Carolina did not embrace the same manuition as the Southern Hulu state. Most of the small amount of free blacks is a mixed race, often children of bigger growers or their sons and slave mothers. Their rich dad sometimes passes social capital to the mixed race children, arrange for their release even if they officially reject them as legitimate heirs. The fathers sometimes arrange for their slave kids to be educated, set up an internship in the field of expertise, and other preparations for free adulthood. Some planters send their mixed race slaves to schools and universities in the North for education.
At the beginning of the 19th century, the state legislature passed a law that made manumisi- tion more difficult. The 1820 exemption law requires slave owners to obtain legislative approval for every act of liberation and generally requires other free adults to testify that the liberated person can support himself. This means that free colored people are thwarted to liberate their children if born as slaves. So while some slaves were freed during this period and may get enough money to buy relatives, they can not release them. The first law requires five citizens to prove the ability of the proposed person to be freed for a living; this prevents the slave owners from freeing their own children before they become adults. In 1820, the legislature ended personal manuscripts, which required all slave holders to obtain individual permission from the legislature before administering even family members.
The majority of South Carolina's population is black, concentrated in plantation areas in Low Countries: by 1860 the state population was 703,620, with 57 percent or slightly more than 402,000 being classified as enslaved African Americans. Free blacks numbered slightly less than 10,000. Concentrations of color-free people live in Charleston, where they form elite racial caste people who have skills and education more than most blacks. Unlike Virginia, where most plantations and slaves are concentrated in the eastern part of the state, in South Carolina, plantations and slaves are common in many states. After 1794, Eli Whitney's cotton gin allowed a short-cotton cotton plantation to be developed widely in the Piedmont area, later known as the Black Belt.
In 1830, eighty-five percent of the population of rice plantations in the Low Countries were slaves. When rice growers leave low-lying countries of malaria for cities like Charleston during the social season, up to 98 percent of lowlanders are slaves. This led to the preservation of Western African customs while developing the Creole culture known as the Gullah. By 1830, two thirds of the county of South Carolina had a population of 40 percent or more enslaved; even in the two districts with the lowest level of slavery, 23 percent of the population are slaves.
In 1822, a black freedman named Denmark Vesey and colleagues around Charleston set up a plan for thousands of slaves to participate in an armed uprising to gain freedom. The Vesey Plan, inspired by the Haitian Revolution of 1791, called on thousands of armed blacks to kill their slave owners, capture the city of Charleston, and flee the United States by sailing to Haiti. The plot was found when two slaves who opposed the plan leaked it to the white authorities. The Charleston authorities accused 131 men of participating in the conspiracy. In total, the country sentenced 67 men and killed 35 of them by hanging, including Danish Vesey. The fear of a slave uprising after the Vesey conspiracy led to a curfew at 9:15 pm for slaves in Charleston, and the formation of a city guard of 150 whites in Charleston, with half of the men stationed in the armory called the Citadel.
Plantations in older Southern states such as South Carolina erode the land in such a way that up to 42 percent of the country's population leaves southern states, to develop plantations with newer lands. The remaining South Carolina plantations were devastated when the worldwide cotton market was rejected in 1826-32 and again in 1837-49. Economic difficulties caused many people in South Carolinians to believe that the "Forty Bale" theory explains their problems.
Nullification
The white minority of South Carolina felt more threatened than in other parts of the South, and more reacted to the Panic economy of 1819, the Missouri Controversy of 1820, and emancipatory efforts in the form of the Ohio Resolution of 1824 and the American Colonization of Petitions of 1827. South Carolina's first attempt in a cancellation occurred in 1822, when South Carolina adopted a policy of imprisoning a foreign black sailor in the port of South Carolina. This policy violates the agreement between the UK and the United States, but South Carolina opposes complaints from the UK through the US Secretary of State John Quincy Adams and the US federal court decision that condemns the prison. The foreign blacks from Santo Domingo previously communicated with the Vesey conspirators, and the South Carolina State Senate stated that the need to prevent rebellion was more important than law, treaty or constitution.
South Carolinian George McDuffie popularized the theory of "Forty Bale" to explain the economic problems of South Carolina. He said that tariffs that were getting higher in 1816, 1824 and 1828 had the same effect as if a thief stole forty bales out of a hundred of each barn. Tariff applied to import goods such as iron, wool and finished cotton products. Forty Bale's theory is based on a mathematical error, because Britain can sell cotton-made goods made from raw South cotton worldwide, not just to the United States. However, that theory is a popular explanation for economic problems largely due to the excess cotton in the Deep South that competes with South Carolina's declining production because of its dwindling soil. Southern Carolinians, rightly or wrongly, blamed the tariff for the fact that the price of cotton fell from 18 cents per pound to 9 cents per pound during the 1820s.
While the impact of the tariff is exaggerated, imports of manufactured goods from Europe are cheaper than American-made products at no rate, and tariffs do reduce the import of British cotton to some extent. This is largely a short-term problem that existed before US factories and textile makers could compete with Europe. Also, the rate of replacing the tax system in which the slaves claimed earlier had to pay more taxes for an increase in the representation they got in the US House of Representatives under three-fifths.
The 1828 tariff, called the South Carolina agitator as the Abomination Rate, sets a tariff rate of 50 percent. Although John C. Calhoun previously supported tariffs, he anonymously wrote South Carolina Exposition and Protest , which is an argument of state rights to cancel tariffs. Calhoun's theory is that the threat of secession will lead to a "concurrent majority" that will have every white minority agreement, as opposed to the "tyrannical majority" of the North men who control the South. Both Calhoun and Robert Barnwell Rhett predicted that the same argument could be used to defend slavery when needed.
President Andrew Jackson succeeded in forcing the liberators to withdraw and allow for a gradual reduction of tariff rates. Calhoun and Senator Henry Clay agreed on a Compromise Rate of 1833, which would cut rates for more than 10 years. Calhoun then supported national protection for slavery in the form of the Fugitive Act of 1850 and the protection of federal slavery in the conquered territories of Mexico, contrary to his earlier support for the cancellation and state rights.
Sensor and slavery
On July 29, 1835, Charleston Postmaster Alfred Huger discovered the abolitionist literature in the post, and refused to send it. The slave owner confiscated the letter and built a bonfire with him, and other Southern countries followed South Carolina's instructions in censoring abolitionist literature. South Carolina James Henry Hammond initiated the gag rule controversy by demanding a ban on a petition to end slavery from being introduced before Congress in 1835. The 1856 abduction of the Republic of Charles Sumner by South Preston Brooks Carolinian after Sumner's Crime Against Kansas Protests from the 1740 Negro Act
John Belton O'Neall summarized the Negro Law of 1740, in his paper, The Negro Law of South Carolina, when he stated: "A slave may, with the consent of his master, acquire and hold personal property. in law as his master. "Across the South, the state court of justice supports this legal position. In 1848, O'Neall was the only one who expressed protest against the Law, in the pretext of courtesy received from the enslaved Africans (many of whom, in 1848, were Christians) under oath: "Negro (slaves or free) will feel sanctions for oath, with the power of a white class that does not know anything, in the Christian country. " Secure and war
South Carolina was the first state to break away from the Union after the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860. South Carolina adopted the Direct Cause Declaration that Induced and Confirmed the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union on December 20, 1860. All violations of alleged rights of the state -the southern states mentioned in the document are about slavery. President Buchanan protested but made no military response other than a failed attempt to supply Fort Sumter via the Star of the West vessel, which was shot by South Carolina troops and turned before reaching the fort.
American Civil War
Pre-war tension
Some white-skinned South Carolina consider the abolition of slavery as an option. After living as a minority among the black majority slaves, they fear that, if released, slaves will try to "cultivate" the people and culture of the cherished white man. This is what they believe has happened after the slave revolution in Haiti, where many white people and free-skinned people were killed during the revolution. South Carolina white politicians are divided between Unionists who oppose all forms of secession, and those who believe in secession are the right of the state.
John C. Calhoun notes that a dry, barren West region can not support the plantation system and will remain without slaves. Calhoun proposed that Congress should not exclude slavery from territory but let each country choose itself whether it would allow slaves within its borders. After Calhoun's death in 1850, however, South Carolina was left without a sizeable leader in national position and character to prevent action by the more militant South Carolinian factions seeking immediate escape. Andrew Pickens Butler opposes Charleston publisher Robert Barnwell Rhett, who advocates secession and, if necessary, independence. Butler wins the battle, but Rhett lives longer than he does.
When people began to believe that Abraham Lincoln would be elected President, the states in the Southern organized convention to discuss their options. South Carolina was the first state to hold such a convention, meeting in December after national elections. On December 20, 1860, delegates gathered in Charleston and voted unanimously to secede from the Union. President James Buchanan said the secession was illegal, but did not act to stop it. The first six countries to separate themselves from the largest slave-owning countries in the South, show that slavery is an integral part of the question of secession.
Fort Sumter
On February 4, seven states passed to adopt a new constitution for the Confederation of the Union. Lincoln argues that the United States is "one nation, inseparable ," and denies the right of the Southern states to escape. South Carolina entered the Confederacy on February 8, 1861, ending up less than six weeks into an independent South Carolina State. While Major Robert Anderson, commander of US troops in Charleston, pulled his men to Fort Sumter's small island fortress in Charleston Harbor and lifted the US flag. Fort Sumter is heavily burdened by coastal batteries and too small to be a military threat but has a high symbolic value. In a letter sent on January 31, 1861, the Governor of South Carolina, Pickens, demanded President Buchanan that he hand over Fort Sumter, for "I consider that ownership is inconsistent with the dignity or security of the State of South Carolina." Buchanan refused. Lincoln is determined to defend it to affirm national strength and prestige; he wants the Confederate to fire the first shot. If it were to be a dignified, dignified nation, the Confederacy could not tolerate an alien fortress in the second largest port.
About 6,000 Confederate men are stationed around the edge of the harbor, ready to take 60 people at Fort Sumter. At 4:30 am on April 12, after two days of fruitless negotiations, and with Union ships outside the harbor, the Confederate opened fire on orders from President Jefferson Davis. Edmund Ruffin had the honor of firing the first shot. Thirty-four hours later, the Andersons hoisted the white flag and were allowed to leave the castle with flying colors and drum beating, saluting the US flag with a 50-gun salute before dropping it. During this homage, one of the weapons exploded, killing a young soldier - the only victims of the bombing and the first victim of the war. In a frenzy, the North and the South rushed to register, when Lincoln called in troops to reclaim the fort.
Civil War destroys country
The South is at a disadvantage in terms of numbers, weapons, and maritime skills; the region lacks many maritime traditions and few seafarers. The federal ships sailed south and blocked one port after another. In early November, Union forces occupied the Sea Islands in the Beaufort region, and established an important base for men and ships that would block ports in Charleston and Savannah. Many plantation owners have escaped to distant interior seclusion, sometimes carrying their slaves.
African-Americans living in the Sea Islands became the first "liberated" from the war. Under military supervision, the Sea Islands became a laboratory for education, with Northern missionary teachers finding formerly enslaved adults and children eager to learn. The inspectors assigned plots of estate soils to individually released households, which began to subsistence agriculture, mostly food crops and cotton or rice.
Despite the important role of South Carolina, and the Union's attempts failed to take Charleston from 1863 onwards, the fighting was largely confined to naval activity until nearly the end of the war. After completing March to the Sea in Savannah in 1865, Union General Sherman took his troops to Columbia, then north to North Carolina. With most of the Confederate resistance eliminated by this point, Union forces are almost without opponents. Sherman troops started looting and destruction because there was widespread hatred in South Carolina as "the mother of secession" and the main reason why the war began in the first place. Columbia and many other cities were burned.
On February 21, 1865, the Confederate army was finally evacuated from Charleston, the 54th Massachusetts Regiment, led by Thomas Baker, Albert Adams, David Adams, Nelson R. Anderson, William H. Alexander, Beverly Harris, Joseph Anderson, Robert Abram, Elijah Brown , Wiley Abbott, marched through town. At a ceremony in which the US flag was raised in Fort Sumter, former commander of the Fort Robert Anderson joined the platform by two African Americans: the hero of Union Robert Smalls, who had driven the Confederate into the Union line, and the Danes Vesey son.
Continuing to rely on agriculture in a declining market, landowners in the country struggle with changes to free labor, as well as after the destruction of war. There was agricultural depression and deep financial recession in 1873, and changes in the labor market disrupted agriculture. South Carolina loses proportionately more of its younger sons who are younger than other South countries. The recorded deaths were 18,666; However, casualties may have reached 21,146. This is 31-35% of total white men ages 18-45 recorded in the 1860 census for South Carolina. Like other military forces, most people die of illness rather than injured in combat.
African Americans have long held the majority of the country's population. However, in 1860, only 2 percent of the country's free black population; most are mulattos or free colored people, with kinship ties with white families. They are well established as more skilled and skilled craftsmen in Charleston and some other cities despite social restrictions, and sometimes as landowners and slave owners. As a result, pre-war color-free people became an important leader in the governance of South Carolina during the Reconstruction; they formed 26 percent of blacks who were elected to power in the state between 1868 and 1876 and played an important role in the Republican Party, prepared by their prewar education, skills and experience.
Despite the wrath of Northern war in wartime and war, most of the Southern Carolinians, including the country's leading opinion-maker, Wade Hampton III, believed that white citizens would be okay to accept President Johnson's terms to return fully to the Union. However, the state legislature, in 1865, passed through the "Black Codes" to control the work and movement of the liberated. This angered the North, who accused the state of imposing semi-slavery on the liberated. The South Carolina Black Code has been described:
- "People who have color contracts for service are known as" servants ", and those contracted, as" employers. "In the fields, working hours will come from sunrise to sunset every day, except on Sundays, Negroes have to get out of bed at dawn, the lost time will be deducted from their salary, such as the cost of food, breastfeeding, etc., during no sickness.An absent Sunday should go back to the plantation before sunset The maids at home will be called at all hours of the day and night on all days of the week They must be "especially polite and courteous to their masters, their families and guest masters ", and they in return will receive a" Gentle and friendly treatment. "Corporals and other penalties must be granted only on the orders of district judges or other civilian judges," said the Black Codes mumbling northern opinion and apparently never enforced in the country any part.
Republican Rules
After winning the 1866 election, the Radical Republic took control of the Reconstruction process. The Army enrolled all male voters, and the re-election of a Republican government made up of free coalitions of people, carpet owners, and scalars. By constitutional convention, new voters created the constitution of 1868; this brings democratic reforms to the state, including its first public school system. The original white Republican population supported him, but the white Democrats saw the Republican government as a representative of black interests only and largely unfavorable.
Adding to racial feuds is the feeling many white people whose former slaves have betrayed them. Before the war, the slave owners convinced themselves that they treated their slaves well and had gained the loyalty of their slaves. When the Union Army rolled over and the slaves were abandoned by thousands of people, the slave-owners were stunned. The black population is scrambling to defend its new rights while the white population is trying to claw its way back to the social ladder by denying blacks the same rights and reviving white supremacy.
The Ku Klux Klan attack started shortly after the end of the war, as the first stage of the uprising. The secret chapters have members who terrorize and kill blacks and their sympathizers in an attempt to rebuild white supremacy. The raids mainly occurred in the north, and they reached a climax in 1870-71. Congress passed a series of enforcement laws aimed at limiting the Klan's activities, and Grant's government finally declared martial law in the northern states of Spartanburg, York, Marion, Chester, Laurens, Newberry, Fairfield, Lancaster, and Chesterfield in October 1870.
The declaration was followed by mass arrests and a series of congressional hearings to investigate violence in the region. Although the federal program produced over 700 counts, there were several successful prosecutions, and many of those people later received pardons. The major weakness of the response helped undermine federal authority in the state, although official clan activity dropped dramatically following federal intervention. However, violence in the state does not subside. New rebel groups were formed as paramilitary units and rifle clubs operating openly in the 1870s to disrupt the organization of the Republic and suppress the black vote; these groups included the Red Shirts, in 1874, and their violence killed more than 100 blacks during the political season of 1876.
Spending and debt
The main theme of the conservative opposition to the Republican government is the increasing state debt, and the tax increases paid by the whites are much poorer than before the war. Most of the state money has been wasted or wasted. Simkins and Woody said that, "State debt is rising rapidly, interest is rarely paid, and state credit is running low, but with one or two exceptions, offenders are not brought to justice."
Government reconstruction establishes public education for the first time, and a new charity, along with prison improvements. There is corruption, but most white whites are benefited, especially by investments to build railroads and other infrastructure. Taxes were very low before the war because the planters class refused to support programs such as educational welfare. The postwar period's urgency caused the country's debt to rise rapidly. When Republicans came to power in 1868, the debt reached $ 5.4 million. By the time the Republicans lost control in 1877, the country's debt had risen to $ 18.5 million.
Governor election 1876
From 1868 on, the election was accompanied by increasing violence from white paramilitary groups such as the Red Shirts. Due to the violence in 1870, the Governor of the Republic of Chamberlain sought help from Washington to try to keep control. President Ulysses S. Grant sent a federal army to try to maintain order and ensure a fair election.
Using as a model of the "Mississippi Plan", which had redeemed the country in 1874, the South Carolina white people used black intimidation, violence, persuasion and control. In 1876, tensions were high, especially in Piedmont towns where the number of blacks was fewer than that of whites. In these countries, blacks sometimes form a narrow majority. There are many demonstrations by the Red Shirts - White Democrats are determined to win the upcoming elections in any possible way. The Red Shirts changed the tide in South Carolina, convinced whites that this could indeed be the year in which they regained control and terrorized blacks to stay away from voting, due to incidents such as the Hamburg Massacre in July, Ellenton's riots in October, and other similar events in Aiken County and Edgefield District. Armed with guns and heavy rifles, they rode horses to every Republican meeting, and demanded an opportunity to speak. Red Shirts jangled among the crowd. Each chose a black man to watch, personally threatening to shoot him if he caused trouble. The Redeemer arranges hundreds of club rifles. Complying with the proclamation to disperse, they are sometimes reorganized as missionary communities or dancing clubs - with rifles.
They formed a strict economic boycott against black and skalakagal activists who refused to vote for Democrats. People lose their jobs because of their political views. They defeated the opposition - but always in law. In 1876, Wade Hampton made over forty speeches across the state. Several Black Republicans joined the struggle; wearing the Red Shirts, they parade with white people. Most scalawags "cross Jordan", as the switch to Democrats is called.
On election day, there is intimidation and fraud on all sides, employed by both parties. The Edgefield and Laurens regions have more votes for Wade Hampton III Democratic candidates than the total number of registered voters in both districts. The return was debated all the way to Washington, where they played a central role in the 1877 Compromise. Both sides claimed victory. In the interim, two separate state assemblies do business side by side on the floor of the State Building (Speakers share their Speakers table, but each has its own hammer), until the Democrats move into their own building. There, the Democrats continue to pass a resolution and run the state business, just as the Republicans did. The Republican Assembly cast a contaminated election result and reappointed Chamberlain as governor. A week later, General Wade Hampton III took the oath of office for Democrats.
Finally, in return for South Korean support for Samuel Tilden's overwhelming victory over President Samuel Tilden, President Rutherford B. Hayes withdrew federal troops from Columbia and the rest from the South in 1877. The Republican government was dissolved and Chamberlain headed north, like Wade. Hampton and his Redeemer took control.
Memory
Blacks and Blacks in South Carolina developed different reconstructive memories and used them to justify their politics. James Shepherd Pike, a prominent Republican journalist, visited the country in 1873 and wrote a report reprinted widely and published as a book, The Prostrate State (1874). Historian Eric Foner writes:
- The book describes a country overwhelmed by political corruption, drained by government waste, and under the control of "the masses of black barbarism." The South problem, he insisted, emerged from the "Negro government." The solution is to turn white people back to political power.
A similar view was developed in a scientific monograph by a Columbia University-based academic historian Dunning School in the early 20th century; they served as historians at major colleges in the South, influencing the interpretation of the Reconstruction into the 1960s. They argue that the corrupt Yankee carpet manager controls the stupid blacks of the black voters' financial gain and almost sinks South Carolina into economic ruin and social chaos. The heroes of this version are the Red Shirts: white paramilitary fighters who, beginning in 1874, rescued the country from a misguided and preserved democracy, expelled blacks from the public square with intimidation during elections, restored law and order, and created a long era of loyalty between races.
Black version, starting with W.E.B. Du Bois' Black Reconstruction (1935), examined periods more objectively and recorded achievements in building public school education, and various social and welfare institutions to benefit all citizens. Other historians also evaluate the Reconstruction of a similar period. Their work provides intellectual support for the Civil Rights Movement.
In the 1980s, the social battle over the display of Confederate flags following the achievement of the Civil Rights Movement was related to this divergence of interpretation and the struggle of nearly a century of black struggles to regain the lost constitutional rights of the Conservative Democratic Party after the Reconstruction.
Conservative rules 1877-90
The Democratic Party is led by General Wade Hampton III and other former Confederate veterans who support the return of policy from the prewar period. Known as Conservatives, or Bourbon, they favor a minimalist approach by the government and a peaceful policy toward blacks while maintaining white supremacy. Also of interest to the Conservatives is the restoration of the University of South Carolina to its prewar status as a leading state and tertiary educational institution. They closed the campus before passing legislation to restrict entry to whites only. The legislature appoints Claflin College for higher education for blacks. (The legislative body Reconstruction has opened ka
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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