The social program in the United States is a welfare subsidy designed to meet the needs of the American population. The federal and state prosperity programs include cash, health and medical care, food aid, housing subsidies, energy and utility subsidies, education and childcare assistance, and subsidies and assistance for other basic services. Personal provisions of the employer, whether mandated by policy or voluntarily, also provide the same social welfare benefits.
Programs vary in eligibility requirements and are provided by various organizations at the federal, state, local and private levels. They help provide food, shelter, education, health and money to US citizens through primary and secondary education, college education subsidies, unemployment disability insurance, subsidies for eligible low wage workers, subsidized housing, benefits of the Supplemental Nutrition Program , pensions for eligible persons and health insurance programs covering public employees. The Social Security system is sometimes regarded as a social assistance program and has some characteristics of the program, but unlike these programs, social security is designed as a self-financed security blanket - so as paying recipients pay (during the working years)) , they pay in advance for the payment they will receive back from the system when they no longer work. Medicare is another prominent program, among other health care provisions such as Medicaid and the State Children's Health Insurance Program.
Video Social programs in the United States
Congressional Fund
Excluding Social Security and Medicare, the Congress allocated nearly $ 717 billion in federal funds in 2010 plus $ 210 billion allocated in state funds ($ 927 billion total) to the means of welfare programs tested in the United States, half of which are for medical treatment and about 40% for cash, food and housing assistance. Some of these programs include funding for public schools, job training, SSI benefits and medicaid. In 2011, the ratio of public spending to GDP in the United States was below the OECD average. About half of this welfare aid, or $ 462 billion is given to families with children, most of whom are led by single parents.
Total Social Security and Medicare Expenditures in 2013 are $ 1.3 trillion, 8.4% of the $ 16.3 trillion GNP (2013) and 37% of Federal total spending of $ 3.684 trillion.
In addition to government spending, personal welfare spending, ie the social insurance program provided to workers by employers, in the United States is estimated at about 10% of the US GDP or another $ 1.6 trillion, according to OECD estimates for 2013. In 2001, Jacob Hacker estimated public and private public welfare spending is 21% and 13-14% of GDP of the United States respectively. In this estimate of private social welfare expenditures, Peretas includes mandatory personal provisions (less than 1% of GDP), subsidized and/or regulated private provisions (9-10% of GDP), and purely personal terms (3-4% of GDP ).
Maps Social programs in the United States
History
Federal welfare program
The colonial legislature and the state government then adopted a law that was patterned in accordance with English "poor" law. Assistance to veterans, often free land grants, and pensions to disabled widows and veterans, has been offered in all wars in the US. After World War I, provisions were made for the hospital's full-scale system and medical care for veterans. In 1929, workers' compensation laws apply in all but four States. This state law makes industries and businesses accountable for the compensation costs of their workers or survivors when workers are injured or killed in connection with their work. Pension programs for most state and local governments are paid by teachers, police officers, and firefighters - date back to the 19th century th . All of these social programs are far from universal and vary from country to country.
Prior to the Great Depression the United States had social programs that centered mostly around individual efforts, family efforts, church charities, compensation of business workers, life insurance and sick leave programs along with some state taxes supported by social programs. The misery and poverty of the great depression threatens to overwhelm all these programs. The severe depression of the 1930s made Federal action virtually a necessity, as neither the state nor the local community, business and industry, nor private charities had the financial resources to address the growing need of the American people. Beginning in 1932, the Federal Government first provided loans, then granted, to States to pay for direct assistance and employment assistance. Thereafter, special Federal emergency assistance such as the Civil Conservation Corps and other public works programs commence. In 1935, the administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed to the federal federal social assistance program and the federal government sponsored pension program. The Congress was followed by a section of the 37-page Social Security Act, signed into law 14 August 1935 and "effective" in 1939 - just when World War II began. The program was expanded several times over the years.
The economic historian led by Price Fishback has examined the impact of New Deal spending on improving health conditions in 114 largest cities, 1929-1937. They estimate that each additional $ 153,000 in relief expenditure (in 1935 dollars, or $ 2.2 million dollars 2016) is associated with a reduction of one infant mortality, one suicide, and 2.4 deaths from infectious diseases.
War of the Great Poverty and Society program (1960s)
Almost all the cost of a food stamp is paid by the federal government. In 2008, 28.7 percent of households headed by single women were considered poor.
Welfare reform (1990s)
Prior to the Welfare Reform Act of 1996, welfare assistance "was once regarded as an open right," but welfare reform turned it into "a limited program built to provide short-term cash assistance and direct people quickly into work." Prior to the reforms, countries were given "unlimited" money by the federal government, increasing per family on welfare, under the 60-year-old Dependence of Family Support (AFDC) program. This gives the state no incentive to direct the welfare funds to the most needy recipients or encourage individuals to withdraw from welfare benefits (the state loses federal money when someone leaves the system). At the national level, one in seven children receives AFDC funds, mostly for single mothers.
In 1996, under the Bill Clinton administration, Congress passed a Personal Responsibility and Employment Reconciliation Act, which gave more control over the welfare system to the states, with the basic requirements that countries need to meet with service welfare. However, most states offer basic assistance, such as health care, food aid, childcare assistance, unemployment, cash assistance, and housing assistance. Following the reforms, which President Clinton said would "put an end to welfare as we know," the amount of federal government is given in a fixed rate per country by population.
Each country must meet certain criteria to ensure the recipient is encouraged to work alone out of welfare. This new program is called Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). It encourages countries to request some sort of job search in return for providing funds for individuals, and imposes a five-year life limit on cash assistance. The bill limits the welfare of most legal immigrants and increases financial assistance for child care. The federal government also maintains a $ 2 billion contingency fund TANF (TANF CF) to help countries that may experience increased unemployment. The new TANF program ends on September 30, 2010, on schedule with countries withdrawing all of the initial $ 5 billion emergency fund and $ 2 billion emergency fund allocated by ARRA. TANF reauthorization was not carried out in 2011, but the TANF block grant was extended as part of the 2010 Claims Resolution Act (see Temporary Assistance for Needy Families for details).
Following this change, millions of people abandoned the welfare roll (a 60% decrease overall), employment increased, and child poverty levels were reduced. A study of the Congressional Budget Office 2007 found that income in affected families increased by 35%. The reforms were "widely welcomed" after "fierce protests." The Times called the reforms "one of the few undeniable victories of the American government in the last 20 years." However, more recent research has found that reforms increase deep poverty by 130-150%.
Criticisms of the reforms sometimes show that the large decline of people on the welfare roll during the 1990s was not due to an increase in actual profitable jobs in this population, but rather, as it was almost exclusively to dismantle them into work costs, giving them a classification which is different from the classical welfare recipient. The late 1990s were also regarded as an incredibly powerful economic time, and critics voiced their concern about what would happen in the economic downturn.
Editorial Editorial Review that the 2009 Economic Stimulus Law will reverse the welfare-to-work provisions signed by Bill Clinton in the 1990s, and will again base federal grants to countries on the number of people applying for welfare than with a fixed rate. One expert working on the 1996 bill states that the terms will lead to the biggest one-year increase in welfare spending in American history. The House bill provides $ 4 billion to pay 80% of the state's welfare burden. Although each country receives $ 16.5 billion annually from the federal government because welfare rolls are down, they spend the remaining block grants for other types of aid rather than saving them for worse economic times.
Timeline
Here is a brief period of wellbeing in the United States:
1880s-1890: Efforts are made to move poor people from work yards to poor homes if they seek aid.
1893-1894: Efforts were made on the payment of the first unemployment, but to no avail due to the recession of 1893-1894.
1932: The Great Depression worsens and the first attempt to fund aid fails. The "Emergency Relief Act", which gave the local government $ 300 million, was passed into law.
1933: In March 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt encouraged Congress to establish the Civil Conservation Corps.
1935: Social Security Act was passed on June 17, 1935. The bill includes direct assistance (cash, food stamps, etc.) and changes to unemployment insurance.
1940: Family Assistance for Children Dependent (AFDC) was established.
1964: Johnson's War on Poverty is ongoing, and the Economic Opportunity Act is passed. Generally known as "the Great Society"
1996: Graduated under Clinton, "Personal Responsibility and Employment Opportunity Reconciliation Act 1996" becomes law.
2013: Affordable Care Act applies with major increases in Medicaid and subsidized health insurance premiums come into effect.
Type
Means tested
* Spend millions of dollars
2.3 Trillions of Dollars The number of Social Security, Medicare and Well-Checked Welfare Facilities since 2013 means the tested data is not available but 2013, "real" TOTAL will be higher.
Social Security
The Social Security program primarily refers to the Old Age, Disability, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program, and possibly the unemployment insurance program. Benefits of Retirement Insurance (RIB), also known as Old Age Insurance Benefit, is a form of social insurance payment made by the US Social Security Administration paid on the basis of old age achievements (62 years or more).
Social Security Disability Insurance (SSD or SSDI) is a federal insurance program that provides income supplements to people who are limited in their ability to be employed due to a marked disability.
Unemployment insurance, also known as unemployment compensation, provides money, from the United States and the country collected from employers, to workers who have become unemployed not because of their own fault. Unemployment benefits are run by each country under different criteria determined by the state for the duration, percent of the revenue paid, etc. Almost all require recipients to document their search for jobs to continue receiving benefits. Extension of time to receive benefits is sometimes offered for extensive unemployment. This additional benefit is usually in the form of a federal government loan that must be paid by each state.
General welfare
The Security Additional Income Program (SSI) provides benefits to low-income people aged (65 years or older), blind, or disabled.
Provisional Aid for Needy Families (TANF) provides cash assistance to underprivileged American families with dependent children.
Healthcare spending
Health care in the United States is provided by many separate legal entities. Health care facilities are mostly owned and operated by the private sector. Health insurance in the United States is now primarily provided by governments in the public sector, with 60-65% of healthcare provision and expenditures coming from programs such as Medicare, Medicaid, TRICARE, Children's Health Insurance Program, and Veterans Health Administration. Having some form of comprehensive health insurance is compulsory for most people legally living in the United States.
Medicare is a social insurance program administered by the United States government, providing health insurance coverage to people aged 65 years and over; for those under 65 years of age and with permanent physical disabilities or who have congenital physical disabilities; or to those who meet other specific criteria such as End Stage Kidney Disease Program (ESRD). Medicare in the United States somewhat resembles a single-payer health care system but it does not. Prior to Medicare, only 51% of people aged 65 and older had health care coverage, and nearly 30% lived under federal poverty.
Medicaid is a health program for certain people and families with low incomes and resources. This is a proven program that is co-funded by state and federal governments, and administered by states. Persons served by Medicaid are US citizens or legal permanent residents, including low-income adults, their children, and persons with certain disabilities. Medicaid is the largest source of funding for medical and health services for people with limited incomes in the United States.
The Child Health Insurance (CHIP) program is a program run by the US Department of Health and Human Services that provides funds suitable for states for health insurance for families with children. The program is designed to include uninsured children in families with modest but high incomes to qualify for Medicaid.
The Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Service Block Grant (or ADMS Block Grant) is a federal grants block grant provided by the US Department of Health and Human Services.
The Trump Administration has decided to cut $ 9 million in Affordable Care Act subsidies by 2018. This action was taken using the executive order 13813, on 12 October 2017. Its original purpose was for Republicans in Congress to use their majority to "uproot and replace" The Affordable Care Act, but they proved unable to do so; therefore, Trump's own administration took action to weaken the program. Changes in health care are expected to be seen by 2019.
Education spending
Per capita spending on higher education is among the highest in the world. Public education is managed by each state, municipality and district school district. As in all developed countries, primary and secondary education is free, universal and compulsory. Parents have the option of home-schooling their children, although some countries, such as California (until the 2008 legal regulations override this requirement), require parents to get a teaching mandate before doing so. The experimental program gives selected low-income parents using government-issued vouchers to send their children to private schools rather than public schools in some states/regions.
In 2007, over 80% of all elementary and secondary school students were enrolled in public schools, including 75% of those from households with incomes above 5%. Public schools generally offer programs after school and government subsidize programs after school, such as Boys & amp; Girls Club. While pre-school education is also subsidized, through programs such as Head Start, many Americans still find themselves unable to take advantage of them. Therefore, some educational critics propose to create a comprehensive transfer system to make pre-school education universal, demonstrating that financial results alone will offset costs.
Tertiary education is not free, but subsidized by individual states and federal government. Some of the costs in public institutions are done by the state.
The government also provides grants, scholarships, and subsidized loans for most students. Those who are not eligible for any kind of help, can get loans and government-guaranteed school fees can often be deducted from federal income taxes. Despite the cost of subsidized attendance in public institutions and tax cuts, however, tuition has increased threefold from the average household income level since 1982. Fearing that many future Americans may be expelled from higher education, progressive Democrats has proposed an increase in financial assistance and subsidizing the increase in the cost of attendance. Some Democratic politicians and political groups have also proposed to make free general tertiary education, which is to subsidize 100% attendance fee.
Food aid
In the US, financial aid for food purchases for low-income and non-income communities is provided through the Supplemental Nutrition Program (SNAP), formerly known as the Food Food Program. This federal aid program is administered by the Food and Nutrition Service of the US Department of Agriculture, but benefits are distributed by each US state. Historically and commonly known as the Food Food Program, although all the legal references to "stamp" and "coupon" have been replaced with "EBT" and "card," refers to refilled cards, refillable Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) plastics replace the "food stamp" paper coupon. To be eligible for SNAP benefits, the recipient must have income below 130 percent of the poverty line, and also has multiple assets. Since the economic downturn began in 2008, the use of food stamps has increased.
The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (WIC) is a child nutrition program for the health and nutrition care of low-income pregnant women, nursing mothers, and infants and children under the age of five. The eligibility requirement is a family income under 185% of the US Poverty Income Guidelines, but if someone participates in other benefits programs, or has family members participating in SNAP, Medicaid, or Provisional Needs for Families in Need, they automatically meet the eligibility of the Terms.
The Childhood Care and Adult Care Program (CACFP) is a type of US federal assistance provided by the US Department of Agriculture (USDA) to states to provide daily subsidized food services for approximately 3.2 million children and 112,000 elderly or mentally or an adult with a physical disorder in a non-residential care facility, a daycare center.
Public housing
The Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 created Section 8 housing, the payment of rental assistance to private landlords on behalf of low-income households.
Impact
According to the Congressional Budget Office, social programs significantly improve living standards for low-income Americans, especially the elderly. 20% of the poorest households in America get taxes before taxes only $ 7,600, less than half the federal poverty line. The social program increases the income before tax from households to $ 30,500. Social Security and Medicare are responsible for two-thirds of that increase.
Political scientist Benjamin Radcliff argues that a more generous social program produces a higher quality of life for all citizens, rich and poor, because these programs not only improve lives for those who directly benefit (or live in fear of their needs , from the prospect of unemployment or illness) but also reduces social pathology (such as crime and anomie) which is the result of poverty and insecurity. By creating a society that is poorer and less insecure, he argues, we move closer to creating a nation of mutual prosperity that works for the benefit of all. Thus, his research shows, the satisfaction of life (or "happiness") is closely related to the generosity of social safety nets (what is often called decommodification economists), whether to look across industrial democracies or across the country.
Cato Institute says: The current welfare system provides a high level of benefits that acts as a disincentive to work.
Analysis
Household Characteristics
Social programs have been implemented to promote community goals, including reducing the impact of poverty on income or low income earners or facing serious medical problems, and ensuring retirees have basic living standards.
Unlike in Europe, Christian democratic and social democratic theory has not played a major role in shaping welfare policy in the United States. The US ownership program barely existed until the administration of Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the implementation of the New Deal program in response to the Great Depression. Between 1932 and 1981, modern American liberalism dominated US economic policies and rights grew with the wealth of the American middle class.
Eligibility for welfare benefits depends on a variety of factors, including gross and net income, family size, pregnancy, homelessness, unemployment, and serious medical conditions such as blindness, renal failure or AIDS.
Drug tests for applicants
The United States adopted a Personal Responsibility and Employment Opportunity Act in 1996, which gave individual countries the authority to test welfare recipients. Drug testing for potential beneficiaries to receive wellbeing has become an increasingly controversial topic. Richard Hudson, a North Carolina Republican, claims he is pushing for drug screening as a matter of "moral obligation" and testing that must be upheld as a way for the US government to prevent drug use. Others claim that ordering people who need drug tests "stereotypes, stigmatize, and criminalize" them without need. Countries that currently require drug tests to be conducted to receive public assistance include Arizona, Florida, Georgia, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Utah.
Tiger recipient demographics
Some argue that welfare has been linked to poverty. Political scientist Martin Gilens argues that blacks have heavily dominated the image of poverty over the last few decades and declare that "white Americans with the greatest misunderstanding of the composition of the race of the poor are the most likely to fight welfare". This perception may perpetuate negative racial stereotypes and can increase American opposition and racialisation of welfare policies.
In FY 2010, the African-American family comprised 31.9% of the TANF family, white families composed of 31.8%, and 30.0% Hispanic. Since the adoption of TANF, the percentage of Hispanic families has increased, while the percentage of white and black families has declined. In FY 1997, African-American families represented 37.3% of families receiving TANF, white families 34.5%, and Hispanic families 22.5%. The population as a whole consists of 63.7% whites, 16.3% Hispanic, 12.5% ​​African-American, 4.8% Asian and 2.9% other races. The TANF program at a cost of approximately $ 20.0 billion (2013) has decreased in use as Income Tax Credit Income, Medicaid grants, benefits of the Supplemental Nutrition Program, Supplemental Security Income (SSI), child nutrition program, Child Health Insurance Program (CHIP) , housing assistance, the Food Grant Program (WIC & CSFP), along with about 70 other programs, have increased to over $ 700 billion by 2013.
Cost
The Great Recession made a huge impact on welfare spending. In a 2011 article, Forbes reported, "The best estimate of the cost of 185 federal means that tests the welfare program for 2010 for the federal government alone is $ 717 billion, up by a third since 2008, according to the Heritage Foundation. about $ 210 billion, total welfare spending for 2010 totaled more than $ 920 billion, up nearly a quarter since 2008 (24.3%) "- and increasing rapidly. The previous decade has seen a 60% decline in the number of people receiving welfare benefits, beginning with the passage of Personal Responsibility and Employment Opportunities Act, but expenditures did not decrease proportionately over that time period. The combined annual federal and state spending equals more than $ 21,000 for every person living below the poverty level in America.
See also
- Federal aid administration in the United States
- Lack of wealth in the United States
- Welfare
- Welfare economy
- Welfare in California
- Welfare in Puerto Rico
References
Further reading
- MaCurdy, Thomas; Jones, Jeffrey M. (2008). "Welfare". In David R. Henderson (ed.). Economic Concise Encyclopedia (2nd ed.). Library of Economy and Freedom. ISBN: 978-0865976658. OCLC_ 237794267. CS1 maint: Additional text: editor list (link)
- Alison Siskin, Noncitizen Eligibility for Federal Public Assistance: Policy Brief, Congressional Research Service, December 12, 2016
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments